| Basic Concept: An Introduction to Argument
In a popular sense, an argument is a confrontational dispute, often exhibited in fiery words and hurt feelings. In logic, however, an argument is a formal set of claims, including premises (reasons) that lead to a conclusion. Here is an example of a simple argument: . 1) Only Democrats support excessive government spending. 2) John is a Democrat. 3) John supports excessive government spending. . In the claims above, we sense that claims #1 and #2 are meant to "lead to" claim #3. Nevertheless, because we may find fault with either claim #1 or #2, we may or may not be comfortable with the only possible conclusion. Even though there is no other possible conclusion, given the first two claims, clearly, arguments are not always acceptable. We tend to choose one position or another in response to controversial issues depending on our preference for the reasons (or premises) offered in support of a position. . Argument is essential to much of the social, religious, and philosophical/political writing of early America. . Online Connection See "Notes on Argument Basics" and "The Evaluation of Arguments" for a discussion of the basic elements of argument. . Our Course Connection From Paine's formal appeal on behalf of religious faith in "Age of Reason" to the "Federalist Papers," essays promoting the adoption of the Constitution, argument is support for a position or conclusion based upon reason(s). The "Declaration of Independence" is often cited as a classic example of deductive argumentation. .  |